9.01 INTRODUCTION
Once a skydiver has completed the basic instruction and progressed to being a licensed skydiver, many new opportunities for advanced progression are available. Advancement in one or more of the areas discussed in this section will help to improve skills and increase enjoyment and satisfaction for most skydivers. These guidelines will assist in meeting both the skill and knowledge requirement for the A, B, C and D licenses and the Professional Exhibition (PRO) Rating.
9.02 SCOPE
Information in this section provides guidance for:
• Night Jumping
• Water Landings
• Canopy Relative Work
• Demonstration Jumps–includes the Professional Exhibition (PRO) Rating
• High Altitude Jumps and Oxygen Use
9-1.01 INTRODUCTION
To meet license requirements and to establish world records, night jumps are
those jumps made in the period between one hour after official sunset and one
hour before official sunrise.
In order to maintain safety and comply with FAA Regulations, any jumps between
sunset and sunrise are considered as night jumps. Night jumps can be
challenging, educational, and just plain fun, but they require additional
pre-training and increased care. A considerable reduction of vision poses
certain problems. Overcoming these problems is what makes night jumping
interesting and enjoyable. Night jumping not only places increased requirements
on the jumper, but also the pilot, spotter and ground crew.
9-1.02 QUALIFICATIONS
A. License: Skydivers participating in night jumping should possess a currently valid USPA B or higher license.
B. Training: Participants should complete a comprehensive briefing and drill within 60 days before the intended night jump. The training should be conducted by a Safety & Training Advisor (S&TA), I/E or USPA Instructor. The training (including the date and location) should be documented in the jumper’s logbook and signed by an S&TA or USPA I.
9-1.03 SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
A. A light visible for three miles (an FAA requirement for protection from aircraft)
B. Lighted altimeter (recommended)
C. Clear goggles (recommended)
D. Jumper manifest (essential)
E. Target lighting equipment: Sufficient lighting to illuminate the target. Lighting can be provided by flashlights, electric lights or such devices. Road flares or other pyrotechnics and open flames can be extremely hazardous and should not be used.
F. Flashlight (to check canopy)
9-1.04 TRAINING
A. Every skydiver, regardless of his experience, should participate in night jump training to learn or review:
1. Techniques of avoiding disorientation.
2. Use of identification light, lighted instruments and flashlight.
3. Target lighting.
4. Ground-to-air communications.
5. Reserve activation.
6. Use of a topographical map or photo with FAA Flight Service weather information for appropriate altitude and surface winds to compute jump run compass heading, exit and opening point.
B. As with all phases of skydiving, night jumping is made safe through:
1. Special training
2. Suitable equipment
3. Pre-planning
4. Good judgment
9-1.05 PROCEDURES
A. General:
1. One senior member should be designated load master of each pass and be responsible for accounting for each member of his pass, once they have landed.
2. Night jumps provide the challenge of a new and unusual situation that must be approached with caution because of:
a. The opportunity for disorientation.
b. The earth’s surface takes on a new appearance, and familiar reference points are not available.
c. The visual senses are greatly impaired by darkness and reduction of depth perception. Be thoroughly familiar with night vision problems.
d. Skydivers infrequently make night jumps, and are less familiar with and less proficient in handling themselves under the conditions of this new environment.
3. BSRs require that the local S&TA or a USPA Instructor/Examiner be consulted for advice for conducting night jumps.
4. Since the skydiver cannot perceive what is taking place around him as rapidly and easily as in daylight, the time it takes to react to each situation will be increased. Night jumps should be conducted in weather conditions of light winds and good visibility.
5. Notify FAA, state and local officials as required.
B. Target configuration for accuracy:
1. Arrange lights in a circle around the target area at a radius of 25 meters from the center.
2. Remove three or four of the lights closest to the wind line on the downwind side of the target and arrange them in a line leading into the target area. This will indicate both wind line and wind direction. By following a flight path over this line of lights, the jumper will be on the wind line and land upwind.
3. Place a red light at dead center, protected by a plexiglass cover flush with the surface.
C. Emergency: Extinguish all lights in the event of adverse weather or other hazardous jump conditions to indicate no jump. Ground-to-air radio communications should be available.
D. Night Spotting:
1. Winds: current wind information, for both surface and aloft conditions, is critical at night.
2. Surrounding area: spotters should familiarize themselves with the drop zone and surrounding area in flight during daylight, noting ground points that will display lights at night and their relationship to the drop zone and any hazardous areas.
3. Instruments: the spotter should plan to use both his own visual spotting and aircraft instruments to assure accurate positioning of the aircraft.
4. Climb to altitude:
a. Conduct an orientation to familiarize each jumper with the night landmarks surrounding the drop zone.
b. Wind drift indicator: Several methods are available for determining drift and the best opening point.
E. Jumps:
1. General:
a. A jumper making a first night jump should exit solo (no RW).
b. Strobe lights are not recommended for use in freefall, because they can interfere with night vision and cause disorientation. Constant lights are preferable. Flashing lights can be used once the jumper has opened and is in full control of his canopy.
c. WARNING: Road flares and other pyrotechnics exude hot melted chemicals while burning and are hazardous when used by skydivers in freefall. In addition, the bright glare greatly increases the possibility of disorientation.
2. RW:
a. It is recommended that night relative work be planned for a full moon.
b. Skydivers should wear white or light colored jumpsuits.
c. A safe progression from a two-way to larger formations should be made on subsequent night jumps.
3. CRW:
a. Night canopy relative work should be undertaken with extreme care and with a progression similar to that of night freefall relative work.
Water landing training should be provided at a minimum of three points in a skydiver’s progression and development:
A. During the First Jump Course (FJC) dry training to prepare the student to successfully cope with an unintentional water landing.
B. Review of initial training should be provided as qualification for the USPA A license.
C. Wet training to prepare the skydiver for an unintentional or intentional water landing is a USPA B license requirement.
Periodic refresher training should be provided, especially for those on student status, and may include advanced water survival and lifesaving techniques (Reference: Current American National Red Cross publications).
9-2.02 PURPOSE
In the early years, there were a number of fatalities on accidental water landings. These deaths were usually due to the absence of flotation gear, use of incorrect procedures, and/or extremely cold water. Water landing training is recommended to form a better basis for survival from both intentional and unintentional water landings.
The purpose of wet training (B-license requirement) is to expose the individual to a worst-case-scenario in a controlled situation. Drownings are usually brought on by panic. Proper training in advance should decrease the likelihood of panic and therefore decrease the likelihood of a drowning.
The potential always exists for unintentional water entry due to spotting error, radical wind changes, malfunctions, and landing under a reserve rather than a main. It is essential that persons jumping within one mile of an open body of water wear flotation gear and be trained to cope with this potential hazard.
Intentional water jumps are preplanned jumps into a body of water. A water jump can be the easiest and safest of all skydives provided normal procedures and a few additional precautions are employed. Physical injuries and drownings are almost unknown on preplanned, intentional water landings.
These recommendations provide the S&TA and USPA I with guidelines to train skydivers to effectively deal with water hazards.
9-2.03 SCOPE
This section covers recommendations and procedures for the following:
• First jump course training for unintentional water landings.
• Wet training for water landings, both unintentional and intentional.
• Water jumps.
A. The first jump course should include theory, practice and suspended harness training as parts of dry training for water landings.
B. Dry training should be repeated with greater emphasis on performance at the time a skydiver advances beyond student status.
C. Wet training should be conducted, following a class on theory, in a suitable environment such as a swimming pool, lake or other body of water at least six feet deep, as part of the USPA B license requirements and in preparation for intentional water landings:
1. Non-swimmer: Training is to include basic skills covering breath control, bobbing and front and back floating. Non-swimmers must be equipped with flotation gear.
2. Swimmer: Training is to include all of the above plus the breast stroke, side stroke, back stroke and treading water while clothed.
3. General: Initial training may be conducted in swimsuits, but training should be conducted in normal jump clothing to simulate a water landing.
D. Safety personnel must include properly trained and certified lifeguards; if suitably qualified skydivers are not available, assistance may normally be solicited from the local American National Red Cross or other recognized training organization. Flotation gear for non-swimmers and other lifesaving apparatus is required; persons conducting this training are reminded that they are directly responsible for safety.
9-2.04 PROCEDURES FOR DRY TRAINING FOR UNINTENTIONAL WATER LANDING
These procedures outline recommendations for water hazard training which is usually included in the first jump course. It is an advantage for the student to undergo this training again, especially the suspended harness drill, just prior to meeting A license requirements. This training (including the date and location) should be documented in the student’s logbook, or on a separate statement, and signed by an S&TA or USPA I.
A. Theoretical training should include classroom lessons
covering:1. Techniques for avoiding water hazards.
2. Lack of depth perception over water and how to compensate.
3. Preparation for water entry.
4. Recovery after landing.
B. Practice should combine both ground and suspended harness drills and should continue until the jumper is able to perform the following procedures in a reasonable amount of time.
C. When encountering an unavoidable, unintentional water landing, the jumper should continue to maintain canopy control, and just before landing, prepare for a PLF since the depth of the water and the existence of submerged obstacles are unknown. Any other available time should be used to make additional preparations for the water entry.
D. With piggyback equipment preparations should include:
1. Determine the angle of drift toward the landing area and the wind direction.
2. Inflate flotation gear if so equipped.
3. Unfasten belly band (if applicable) and chest strap.
4. With a split saddle: loosen leg straps (do NOT unfasten; also be careful, if you loosen the leg strap too much, you may not be able to reach the toggles); after entering the water, throw the arms back and slide forward out of the harness.
5. With a solid saddle: slide saddle up underneath the buttocks to form a seat. Unfasten one leg strap. Just prior to entry into water, the other leg strap can be released.
6. Abandon the equipment by swimming upstream or upwind to avoid becoming entangled.
E. With front and back mounted equipment procedures should include:
1. All of the above listed procedures, and:
2. Unfasten the reserve belly band.
3. Unfasten one side of the reserve.
F. Warnings:
1. Remain in the harness and attached to the canopy until actually in the water.
2. If flotation gear is not used separation from the equipment is essential.
3 If the Air Force type (LPU) underarm flotation equipment is used, the bladders inflate outside the harness (although worn underneath) and removal of the harness is not practical without deflation of the bladders. If the harness must be removed after landing, the bladders should be deflated, extricated from the harness, and reinflated (orally) one at a time.
9-2.05 PROCEDURES FOR WET TRAINING FOR UNINTENTIONAL WATER LANDING
These procedures outline recommendations for water landing training to meet USPA B license requirements. This training (including the date and location) should be documented in the jumper’s logbook and signed by an S&TA or USPA I.
A. Review the theoretical and practical training outlined above.
B. Practice the techniques described in 9-2.03C while fully clothed.
C. While wearing a parachute harness/container and all associated equipment, jump into the water. The Instructor should then cast an open canopy over the jumper before any wave action subsides. Any type of canopy may be
utilized.D. The jumper should then perform the steps necessary to escape from the equipment and the water.
E. Repeat this drill until proficient.
9-2.06 PROCEDURES FOR INTENTIONAL WATER LANDING TRAINING AND JUMPING
A. Any person intending to make an intentional water landing should:
1. Undergo preparatory training within 60 days of the water jump. The training should be conducted by an S&TA or USPA Instructor. The training (including the date and location) should be documented in the jumper’s logbook and signed by an S&TA or USPA Instructor.
2. Hold a USPA A license and have undergone wet training for water landings.
3. Be a swimmer.
B. Theoretical training should include classroom lessons
covering:
1. Preparations necessary for safe operations.
2. Equipment to be utilized.
3. Procedures for the actual jump.
4. Recovery of jumpers and equipment.
5. Care of equipment.
C. Preparation:
1. Obtain advice for the water jump from the local USPA S&TA or USPA I/E.
2. Check the landing site for underwater hazards.
3. An altimeter should be used for freefalls of thirty seconds (30) or more. Note that water may damage an altimeter.
4. Provide no less than one recovery boat per jumper, or, if the aircraft drops one jumper per pass, one boat for every three jumpers.
5. Boat personnel should include at least one qualified skydiver and stand-by swimmer with face mask, swim fins, and experience in life saving techniques, including resuscitation.
6. Each jumper should be thoroughly briefed concerning the possible emergencies that may occur after water entry and the proper corrective procedures.
7. Opening altitude should be no less than 3000 feet AGL to provide ample time to prepare for water entry. This is especially true when the DZ is a small body of water and the jumper must concentrate on both accuracy and water entry.
8. A second jump run should not be made until the jumper(s) from the first pass is safely aboard the pickup boat(s).
D. After canopy inflation:
1. In calm conditions with readily accessible pick-up boats the best procedure is simply to inflate the flotation gear and concentrate on landing in the proper area.
2. In strong winds, choppy water conditions, in competitive water jump events, or if the flotation gear can not be inflated, separation from equipment after water entry is essential.
Note: Some skydivers may want to remove instruments and place in a waterproof bag.
9-2.07 WATER JUMP SAFETY CHECKS AND BRIEFINGS
A. Section 8-2, Prejump Safety Checks, should be reviewed.
B. Boat and Ground Crew Briefings:
1. Communications procedures
(smoke, radio, buoys, boats)2. Wind limitations
3. Jump order
4. Control of spectators and other boats
5. Setting up the target
6. Maintenance of master log
7. How to approach jumper and canopy in the water (direction, proximity)
9-3.01 INTRODUCTION
Canopy Relative Work (CRW) may be described as the intentional maneuvering of two or more open parachute canopies in close proximity to or contact with one another during descent. The most basic maneuver in CRW is the hooking up of two canopies in flight. This formation, known as a "stack" or "plane," is the most common maneuver in CRW. Night CRW, large stacks, planes and formations may be accomplished by experienced canopy relative workers. These recommendations are intended to provide guidance to CRW participants.
9-3.02 PURPOSE
The purpose of this part is to recommend certain procedures which experienced canopy relative workers have determined to be the safest methods of conducting aerial maneuvers under canopy.
Like freefall relative work, the concept of canopy relative work is that of smooth flow and grace between two or more jumpers and their canopies. Collisions that result in deflated canopies or entanglements and fast closing speeds are potentially very dangerous, not to mention aesthetically undesirable. Entanglements between two or more canopies in flight are the greatest danger in CRW, for they can easily result in serious injury or death.
9-3.03 QUALIFICATIONS
Before engaging in CRW, the beginner should have:
A. At least 20 jumps on a ram-air canopy.
B. Thorough knowledge of canopy flight characteristics, to include riser maneuvers and an understanding of the relative compatibility of various canopies.
C. Demonstrated accuracy capability of consistently landing within five meters of a target.
Note: Initial training should be conducted with two jumpersthe beginner and an Instructor experienced in CRW and include lessons in basic docking and break-off procedures as well as emergency procedures.
9-3.04 EQUIPMENT
A. The following items are essential for safely doing CRW:
1. Hook knifenecessary for resolving entanglements.
2. ankle protectionadequate socks prevent abrasion from canopy lines. If boots are used, cover any exposed metal hooks.
3. Short bridle cordsshort, single attachment point bridle cords are essential to reduce the danger of entanglement. Retracting bridle pilot chute systems are desirable.
4. Cross connectorsare essential for building planes. They should be connected between the front and rear risers only.
B. The following items are strongly recommended for safely doing CRW:
1. Altimeterprovides altitude information for dock, abort, and entanglement decisions.
2. Protective headgearmust allow adequate hearing capability for voice commands, in addition to collision protection.
3. Soft togglesprovide less possibility of entanglement than hard toggles and better flight control.
4. Trim tabs (go toggles)helpful for equalizing descent rates and increasing control envelope.
5. Cell crossporting (two rows)–is recommended (when done per manufacturer’s specs) to minimize the likelihood of canopy collapse.
6. Cascadesrecommended to be removed from the two center A lines.
9-3.05 INITIAL TRAINING
For the first few CRW jumps, stacks might be simpler, but planes are more desirable since a plane is much more stable and has a reduced chance of resulting in canopy collapse. It is an advantage to have the center lines cascade free and to have cross connectors installed on the risers. Do not attempt to fly a plane formation without cross connectors.
9-3.06 RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
A. Weather considerations:
1. Avoid jumping in turbulent air or gusty wind conditions. Early morning and early evening jumps are recommended in areas subject to thermals and other unstable air conditions.
2. Avoid passing through or near clouds. Unpredict-able air conditions are found there.
3. Use caution in flying formations over plowed fields, paved surfaces, or other areas where thermal conditions often exist.
4. When encountering bumpy or unexpected turbulent air, it is recommended that all efforts be made to fly the formation directly into the wind.
B. Planning the jumpFactors which must be considered in every prejump briefing include:
1. Exit order.
2. Time between exits.
3. Length of freefall.
4. Designation of base-pin.
5. Order of entry.
6. Direction of flight and techniques of rendezvous.
7. Approach and breakoff traffic patterns.
8. Docking procedures.
9. Formation flight procedures.
10. One word verbal commands.
11. Breakoff and landing procedures.
12. Emergency procedures.
C. Exit and Opening Procedures:
1. Spotting procedures should be adjusted to include calculations for upper wind velocity and direction.
2. Exits should be made at one to three second intervals.
3. Freefall length should be adequate to assure clearance of aircraft, jumper separation, and stable body position at opening.
4. Upon opening, be prepared to take immediate
evasive action before adjusting canopy for maneuvering.D. Docking Procedures:
1. Base-pinThis position requires the most expertise of all. However, these skills are used in all slots. It is recommended that two experienced canopy relative workers perform this task.
2. Formation flight coursesIt is important that the formation pilot maintain a constant direction of flight along a predetermined course.
3. Traffic patternsEstablish an orderly flight pattern for canopies attempting to dock. This will enable approaches to be made without interference, and lessen the possibility of canopy collisions. No canopies should pass in front of a formation, ever. The wake turbulence created will disturb the formation’s stability and quite possibly lead to a very dangerous situation.
4. ApproachesFor smoothness and safety, each person entering the formation after base-pin should enter from behind and below. Moderate angles of approach are recommended.
5. DockingOnly the center section of a docking canopy should be grasped when the canopy closes third or later in a stack formation. To complete the hookup, the feet can be placed behind and around the lines of the center cell. The line dock method is recommended.
6. CollapsesImproper docks are the most common cause of collapsed canopies. Collapsed canopies should be released to allow reinflation. Experienced participants may be able to reinflate a collapsed canopy by continuing to plane down the lines. The term "drop" should be used by a jumper wishing to be released from the formation. This command is to be obeyed immediately. Be sure to check behind you for other canopies on approach before asking to be dropped.
E. Formation Flight Procedures:
1. Verbal commands should be concise and direct. There should be no nonessential conversation.
2. The pilot should fly the formation with limited control movements to minimize oscillations and facilitate docking.
3. The formation pilot should never use deep brakes in the formation.
4. Oscillations are a primary concern in canopy formations, for they can result in collapsed canopies and entanglements. Their effect and frequency can be minimized by sitting still in the harness and crossing the legs when on the bottom of the formation. However, if oscillations occur, they can be reduced or stopped by the bottom jumper adding front riser trim to add tension to the formation.
F. Breakoff and Landing Procedures:
1. DockingApproaches and docking should stop no lower than 2,500 feet AGL.
2. ObstaclesFormation pilots should avoid all obstacles, including those which produce thermal activity, such as paved surfaces, plowed fields, buildings, etc.
3. Breakoff techniquesThe landing of CRW formations should only be attempted by those with a high level of CRW proficiency. Breakoff for landing should take place no lower than 2,500 feet AGL, as recommended above, because of the danger of entanglement at breakoff time.
4. Landing techniquesDo not attempt to land formations in high or gusty winds, high density altitudes, or high field elevations.
G. Emergency Procedures: Entanglements are the greatest hazards in CRW. If entanglements occur, several things must be kept in mind:
1. The most important aspect of a canopy entanglement is awareness of altitude. Know your altitude at all times, for altitude will often dictate your course of action.
2. If a collision is imminent, spread one arm and both legs as wide as possible to reduce the possibility of penetrating the suspension lines. Use the other hand to the protect reserve ripcord.
3. Be specific in discussing your intentions. If altitude allows, begin emergency procedures only after acknowledgment by other jumper(s).
4. In the event of multiple cutaways, and if altitude allows, jumpers should stagger reserve openings to avoid possible canopy collisions.
5. When entanglements occur in CRW, be prepared to react quickly and creatively because in many cases the emergency is one you can’t prepare for in advance. It may even be a problem no one imagined could happen.
6. If you become entangled and have sufficient altitude, attempt to clear the entanglement by following your lines out before initiating emergency procedures.
9-3.07 NIGHT CANOPY RELATIVE WORK
A. It is recommended that night CRW be performed during a full moon.
B. Brightly colored clothing should be worn by jumpers with dark-colored canopies.
C. Strobes are not recommended, as they interfere with night vision and depth perception. Constant beam lights are preferred.
D. Reference Section 9-1 - Night Jump Recommendations for further guidance.
9-4.01 INTRODUCTION
A demonstration jump, also called an exhibition jump, is one made at a location other than an established drop zone for the benefit and entertainment of spectators.
9-4.02 PURPOSE
One purpose of the USPA is to promote successful demonstration jumps as part of an overall public relations program for the sport. These demonstration jump recommendations provide a checklist and guidance on suggested procedures to help demo jumpers reach this goal.
9-4.03 SCOPE
These recommendations cover the following:
• Experience, ability and attitude
• Professional Exhibition (PRO) Rating
• Landing area size
• Technical considerations
• Insurance
9-4.04 GENERAL
As with all jumps, safety must be the first consideration. Next, realize that the most important aspect of a demo jump is landing in the target area. Good aerial work is not impressive if the jumpers land out. A standup landing in the target area is usually the most visible and impressive portion of a demo jump.
Demo jumps have many variables which must be considered, including wind speed and direction, equipment type, jumper experience, target areas, and alternate landing areas. Each proposed demo needs to be evaluated on an individual basis.
9-4.05 EXPERIENCE AND ABILITY
The recommended license, ratings and currency requirements are:
A. Open Field and Level 1 (as defined by USPA and accepted by the FAA):
1. USPA D license or higher
2. 50 jumps on the same canopy within the past 12 months
B. Level 2 (as defined by USPA and accepted by the FAA):
1. Hold the USPA Pro Rating.
2. 50 jumps on the same canopy within the past 12 months
C. Stadium(as defined by USPA and accepted by the FAA):
1. Hold the PRO rating.
2. 50 jumps on the same canopy within the past 12 months
9-4.06 ATTITUDE
While a good demo jump is great public relations to the sport, a poorly
performed demo may severely damage skydiving’s image. Therefore, it is
important to recognize and understand that sometimes it may be in the best
interest of the individual jumper and skydiving in general not to make the jump
at all.
A mature attitude should be exhibited at all times.
A. Promise no more than you can produce and then perform with expertise and efficiency.
B. Take no unnecessary chances.
C. Know what you are getting into before getting there.
D. Recognize and deal with the air of excitement that surrounds a demo jump.
E Make mature and professional judgments in dealing with unforeseen circumstances.
F. Delay or cancel the demo when conditions are not right for a safe jump.
9-4.07 PROFESSIONAL EXHIBITION (PRO) RATING
The Professional Exhibition Rating is recognized by the FAA and serves as a certificate of proficiency. It is not required for all demos, but may be a valuable advantage for working with the FAA.
For further information on obtaining or renewing the PRO rating, please refer to SIM Section 3-3.
9-4.08 SIZE AND DEFINITION OF LANDING AREA
A. Level 1 and Level 2: All FAA-authorized demonstration jumps are classified as either Level I or Level II. USPA with the FAA’s concurrence defines these areas as follows:
1. Level 1: An area that will accommodate a landing area no smaller than at least 250,000 square feet up to 500,000 square feet (example: 500 x 500 feet, up to 750 x 750 feet, or an area with the sum total that equals 250,000 square feet, up to 500,000 square feet) with a one-sided linear crowd line that allows jumpers to drift over the spectators with sufficient altitude (250 feet) so as not to create a hazard to persons or property on the ground, landing no closer than 50 feet from the spectators. Many open-field athletic areas constitute a Level 1 area. Minimum requirements for this landing area are a USPA Class D License and 50 jumps within the previous 12 months, with five jumps within the previous 30 days on the actual canopy or the same make, model, and size of the canopy to be used during the demonstration.
2. Level 2: An area that will not accommodate a 250,000 square-foot area (500 x 500-foot area) but will allow an area no smaller than 5,000 square feet per four jumpers where a jumper can fly under canopy no lower than 50 feet above the crowd and land no closer than 15 feet from the crowd line. Parachutists who certify that they will use both ram-air main and ram-air reserve parachutes will be permitted to exit over or into a congested area, but not exit over an open-air assembly of people. Minimum requirements to conduct this demonstration jump are a USPA D license with a PRO Rating and 50 jumps within the previous 12 months, with five jumps within the previous 30 days on the actual canopy or the same make, model, and size of the canopy to be used during the demonstration. This area would require an FAA Form 7711-2 to conduct an approved demo and requires a USPA PRO rating.
3. Stadium: A Level 2 landing area defined as a standard athletic field that is 100 yards long or a similar-sized area (baseball soccer, football, field hockey, etc.) surrounded by stands or elevated structures on two, three, or four sides, or a stadium configuration that is shaped like a bowl. This area would also require an FAA Form 7711-2 to conduct an approved demo and requires a USPA PRO rating.
B. Open Field
1. A minimum-sized area that will accommodate an area no less than 500,000 square feet (e.g., 750 x 750 feet, or an area with the sum total that equals 500,000 square feet), that allows a jumper to drift over the spectators with sufficient altitude (250 feet) so as not to create a hazard to persons or property on the ground, landing no closer than 100 feet from the spectators. Minimum requirements for this landing area are a USPA D License and 50 jumps within the previous 12 months, with 5 jumps within the previous 30 days, on the actual canopy or same make, model and size canopy to be used during the demonstration.
2. Jumper-to-spectator separation should not exceed those limits required of a Level 1 demo.
C. For PRO Ratings holders, there should be no less than 5,000 square feet of landing area per four jumpers. An additional 800 square feet per jumper is required for any jumper landing within 30 seconds of the last of any four jumpers.
D. Alternate landing areas (run-offs or escape areas) must be considered when evaluating a demonstration jump. Small targets often become acceptable when alternates are available. The alternate landing area must be of sufficient size to accommodate, as a minimum, a Level 1 landing area for the jumper(s) and as not to create a hazard to persons or property on the ground.
9-4.09 TURBULENCE AND TARGET PLACEMENT
Recommended minimum distances from major obstacles should never be disregarded, especially in windy conditions. Major obstacles affect air currents and can cause turbulence. Major obstacles include large buildings and trees. A single tree, pole, fence, etc., is not considered as a major obstacle. Stadium jumps usually involve turbulence that should be considered. Jumpers should be thoroughly familiar with the turbulent-air flight characteristics of their canopies.
9-4.10 MAXIMUM WINDS
A. When considering wind limits, include wind turbulence and the capabilities of the reserve canopy.
B. USPA recommends that all demonstration jumps be conducted with a maximum 15 mph ground wind limitation.
C. For stadium jumps, the wind should be measured at the top of the stadium and turbulence should always be anticipated.
9-4.11 EQUIPMENT
A. Main canopy:
1. Level 1, open field, and stadium: ram-air type
required.2. Level 2: ram-air required by FAA.
B. Reserve canopy:
1. Open field: should be steerable.
2. Level 1, Level 2, and Stadium: the FAA requires that jumpers making a demonstration jump over or into a congested area use a square reserve canopy.
C. Smoke: should be hand-carried or attached to an easily ejectable boot bracket. Warning: military type (M-18) smoke grenades are extremely hot and should not be hand held.
D. Personnel: jumpers and support staff should have a sharp, clean appearance to make a better impression and present a professional image.
9-4.12 AERIAL MANEUVERS
Aerial maneuvers should be rehearsed, just as any professional would give a show a dry run. Participants should be aware of their exit point, freefall drift, and opening point. Landing on target takes priority over air work. One should be prepared to break off, track, or pull high if necessary. Some suggested maneuvers:
A. Freefall:
1. Barber pole: two or more jumpers with two or more colors of smoke, exit and hook up. The jumpers then spin the formation creating a giant barber pole.
2. Starburst: three or more jumpers exit and form a star, then break, make a 180° turn, and track apart.
3. Cutaway: one jumper opens, cuts away and deploys a second main canopy.
Note: The jumper is required to wear three parachutes, one of which must be a TSO'd reserve and the rating holder must wear a TSO'd harness.
B. Canopy: radical canopy maneuvers should not be performed below 500 feet. At this point the jumper has about 30 seconds to set up for landing. Some suggested maneuvers:
1. Smoke: after opening, ignite smoke and drop on a 10-foot line. Make a series of turns in one direction. Line should be releasable from the upper end if it becomes necessary. Be careful in crossing over obstacles on approach. Make sure the smoke container won’t burn through the line.
2. Flag: a flag may be attached to the rear lines or dropped below the jumper on a weighted line. A ground crew should catch the flag so that it won’t touch the ground.
3. CRW: should only be performed by experienced CRW jumpers. Efforts at CRW should stop no lower than 2,500 feet AGL.
Note: It is much more difficult and dangerous to land a canopy stack on target than it is to land canopies separately.
9-4.13 CROWD CONTROL
A. Fortunately, jumper-spectator contact rarely occurs and it should be avoided if at all possible. Reasonable precautions should be taken to keep the spectators out of the landing area. People not sitting may move toward the target, but they will not always move out of the way of the landing jumper.
B. Jumpers should pick up their canopies immediately after landing, or some spectators may decide that they make good souvenirs. If you plan on packing in the crowd, keep an eye open for drinks and cigarettes.
9-4.14 GROUND SIGNALS
Ground-to-air communication should be maintained. This may be accomplished by a radio, smoke or a panel. It is best if a backup to your primary signal exists in case the primary fails.
If a Certificate of Authorization (FAA Form 7711-1) is issued, it may require ground-to-air radio communication .
9-4.15 ANNOUNCER
An experienced skydiver on the public address system contributes to a quality demonstration jump:
A. The announcer can point out the aircraft, explain each phase of the jump, give general information and explain any unusual occurrences such as a reserve activation or a jumper missing the target.
B. The announcer can contribute to crowd control by asking spectators not to enter the target area.
9-4.16 OTHER ACTIVITIES
Activities after the jump add to the entertainment of the spectators.
A. Packing demonstration: Team members pack their parachutes in view of the spectators. Pack slowly, explaining each step and answer questions. Often this facet of the demonstration is more effective if one person packs while another does the talking.
B. Answer questions: Respond to spectator questions politely and factually. Direct persons interested in jumping to the USPA or distribute brochures advertising a drop zone.
9-4.17 ADVICE AND APPROVAL
Approval may need to be secured from Federal, State or local officials before a demo can be performed.
A. Local:
1. It may be necessary to contact local authorities prior to a jump.
2. The FARs require airport management approval prior to a jump onto the airport. (Reference section 11, FAR 105.17).
3. A call to the local police is recommended. They may offer to help in crowd control and with prior knowledge of the jump, they are less likely to respond to a call that "there has been a mishap and people are falling out of the sky."
B. State:
1. It may be necessary to contact the state department of aviation.
2. The local S&TA or I/E notified of the demo should be able to assist the organizers in meeting all state requirements.
C. FAA:
1. Almost every jump requires that the FAA be notified. (Reference section 11, FAR 105.25)
a. For any jump the nearest ATC or FSS must be notified at least one hour before the jump.
2. Congested areas and open air assembly of persons:
a. FAR 105.15 states that no jump be made over or into a congested area or open air assembly of persons until a application for a certificate of authorization (FAA form 7711-2) has been filed and a certificate of authorization (FAA form 7711-1) has been issued.
b. The local S&TA or I/E notified of the demo should be able to assist the organizers in meeting all federal requirements.
D. USPA:
1. The jumper is required by the BSRs to contact the local S&TA or an I/E for demonstration jump advice. The following information should be provided:
a. Date and time of jump
b. Exact location
c. Exit altitude
d. Aircraft identification
e. Pilot
f. Participants by name and qualification
g. Planned routines
2. The S&TA or an I/E providing advice for a demonstration jump should use this section as a guideline. The I/E whose advice was sought should contact the S&TA for the area or the drop zone at which the flight will originate.
3. The S&TA should assist the jumpers in meeting all applicable state and federal requirements and check that the requirements have been met. All authorizations and permits should be carried on the jump by the organizer or team captain.
4. The S&TA should investigate both the proposed area and the participants. The rating holder may recommend the use of specific jumpers or advise the organizer to use only individuals meeting certain experience requirements. General advice allows the organizer greater flexibility in making last-minute substitutions of aircraft and participants.
5. When consulted for a demonstration jump, the S&TA may recommend certain additional limitations such as wind speed and direction, altitude, etc. The S&TA should consider the information in this section when making recommendations and should question, "All things considered, are the chances of performing a safe and professional demonstration jump reasonably good?"
9-4.18 INSURANCE
A. USPA membership insurance (public liability and property damage) will NOT cover any jump made for professional demonstration purposes.
B. Professional is defined by the insurance company as any jump done for reward, remuneration or promotional purposes. Just because a demonstration jump is done without compensation (for free) or is done for a charitable or religious group or occasion does not remove the jump from the professional demonstration category. Spectators at charitable and religious affairs can be injured and can bring suit, just like spectators at any other occasion.
C. Demonstration Insurance can be obtained through USPA Headquarters. Applicants are reminded that insured jumps must be made in compliance with USPA BSRs and FAA Regulations, including seeking advice, in advance, from an S&TA or an Instructor/Examiner in order for the insurance to be valid.
9-4.19 RELATED READINGS
A. FAA Part 105, Parachute Jumping
B. FAA AC 105-2C, Sport Parachute Jumping
C. FAA AC 91-45C, Waivers: Aviation Events
D. SIM section 3-4
9-5.01 INTRODUCTION
Skydives from altitudes higher than 15,000 feet above sea level (MSL) present the participants with a new range of important considerations. The reduced oxygen, atmospheric pressure and temperature and the winds and airspeed above 15,000 feet MSL make skydiving more potentially hazardous in this region than at lower altitudes.
Hypoxia, which is oxygen deficiency, is the most immediate concern at higher altitudes because it can result in impaired judgement and even unconsciousness and death. Hypoxia can be prevented by the use of supplemental oxygen and procedures not required for skydives from lower altitudes.
With proper training, adequate equipment, and well-planned procedures, high altitude skydives can be conducted within acceptable safety limits. Without such precautions, they may result in disaster.
9-5.02 SCOPE
These recommendations are presented to familiarize skydivers with:
• Altitude classifications
• Experience recommendations
• Training recommendations
• Equipment recommendations
• Procedural recommendations
General information is provided on the accompanying Planning Chart.
9-5.03 ALTITUDE CLASSIFICATIONS
A. Low Altitude: Less than 15,000 feet MSL.
B. Intermediate Altitude: From 15,000 feet up to 20,000 feet MSL.
C. High Altitude: From 20,000 feet up to 40,000 feet MSL.
D. Extreme Altitude: Above 40,000 feet MSL.
9-5.04 EXPERIENCE RECOMMENDED
Persons making skydives from altitudes above 15,000 feet MSL are advised to have the following minimum experience:
A. For Intermediate Altitude jumps (15,000 feet - 20,000 feet MSL), participants should hold at least a USPA C license.
B. For High Altitude jumps (20,000 feet - 40,000 feet MSL), participants should:
1. Hold a USPA D license.
2. Have made at least one jump from 15,000 feet MSL or below using the same functioning bailout oxygen system.
C. For Extreme Altitude jumps (40,000 feet MSL and higher), participants should:
1. Hold a USPA D license.
2. Have made at least two jumps from below 35,000 feet MSL using the same functioning bailout oxygen and pressure systems.
9-5.05 TRAINING RECOMMENDATIONS
A. It is a benefit for participants on intermediate altitude skydives to have completed physiological flight training (PFT) within the preceding twelve months.
B. It is essential for all participants on high and extreme altitude skydives to have completed PFT within the preceding twelve months.
C. PFT is provided by the U.S. Air Force to USPA members through an agreement between the Federal Aviation Administration and USPA. In order to attend training, applicants for PFT must hold at least a current FAA Class III Medical Certificate.
D. The PFT Course:
1. Familiarizes the skydiver with the problems encountered in the high altitude environment.
2. Introduces basic high altitude oxygen and pressure equipment and its use.
3. Provides the opportunity to discover individual reactions to hypoxia and other altitude diseases through simulated high altitude flights in a decompression chamber.
E. Applications for PFT are available from USPA,
1440 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314.
9-5.06 EQUIPMENT RECOMMENDED
A. General: A sensitive altimeter and adequate protective clothing is recommended for skydives from above 15,000 feet MSL in addition to the oxygen and body pressurization equipment listed below. Backup oxygen systems and components should be available on board the aircraft, in the event of a malfunction in the primary systems and components. Medical Oxygen, which has a high moisture content, may be used when freezing temperatures will not be encountered. Oxygen systems should only be filled with Aviator’s Oxygen, which has the moisture removed, whenever freezing temperatures will be encountered since moisture can cause oxygen mask valves to freeze.
B. Intermediate Altitude Jumps: A separate oxygen mask should be provided for each skydiver and aircrew member, although a common central oxygen bottle and regulator system may be used.
C. High Altitude Jumps: All skydivers must be equipped with an appropriate on-board oxygen source (see attached chart) and compatible bailout oxygen system, preferably with a backup bottle. An automatic activation device (AAD) is recommended.
D. Extreme Altitude Jumps: All skydivers must be equipped with compatible on-board and bailout oxygen and body pressurization systems appropriate to the goal altitude (see Planning Chart following this Section). An AAD is recommended.
9-5.07 PREPARATIONS RECOMMENDED
A. General:
1. All jumps must be coordinated in advance with the appropriate local, state, and federal aviation authorities.
2. All jumps should be coordinated in advance with USPA for safety and for establishing new national and international skydiving records under the FAI Sporting Code.
B. Groups: For group jumps from above 15,000 feet MSL, it is helpful to appoint an Oxygen Monitor whose duties are to:
1. Be familiar with the operation of and to inspect, operate, and monitor the oxygen systems during their use.
2. Be watchful for symptoms of hypoxia and other altitude diseases in all jumpers.
3. Initiate appropriate remedial measures in the event of oxygen equipment malfunction or jumper illness.
4. See that oxygen equipment is properly stowed before exit.
Note:There should be one Oxygen Monitor for each six persons or each oxygen bottle, whichever is fewer.
C. Communications in the aircraft are extremely limited by the wearing of oxygen masks. The spotter and oxygen monitor should establish with the jumpers and aircrew a standard set of hand signals for the commands, inquiries, and responses required during flight. A small blackboard or similar device may be helpful for communicating lengthier messages.
D. Warning: Oxygen explosively accelerates burning. To
prevent damage to aircraft and equipment and injury to persons by oxygen-fed flash fires, the aircraft should be electrically grounded during all ground practice. No smoking should be permitted in the vicinity of the aircraft, either on the ground or aloft, while oxygen equipment is on board.E. Ground practice is essential due to the restrictions on communication, the additional pre-exit activities required, the restriction on vision (by the mask) and on movement (by bulkier clothing, often further irritated by long periods of sitting and low cabin temperatures during the climb to jump altitude). Signals and exit procedures should be practiced on the ground, in the actual jump aircraft, until everyone can perform the procedures listed, by hand signal command, smoothly and without discussion. This will prevent confusion aloft, which is inevitable without adequate rehearsal.
F. Equipment checks should be performed prior to loading the aircraft and especially before exit. In addition, the oxygen monitor should perform the "P.D. McCripe" oxygen equipment inspection:
P - Pressure gauge
D - Diaphragm
M - Mask
C - Connections at mask
C - Connections at disconnect
R - Regulator
I - Indicator
P - Portable unit (walk-around bottle)
E - Emergency cylinders (bailout bottles)
9-5.08 OXYGEN USE PROCEDURES
Oxygen use procedures will vary with the equipment used, but the following are basic:
A. Intermediate Altitude:
1. All participants should put on masks and begin breathing oxygen at 8,000 feet MSL, continuing throughout the climb and jump run, under the supervision of the Oxygen Monitor. This is important, even if it doesn’t seem necessary, especially if more than one jump per day is planned.
2. Two minutes from exit, the spotter signals get ready. At this time, all jumpers move into the ready position and prepare to doff their oxygen masks.
3. 30 seconds before exit, the spotter signals by removing his mask and all jumpers follow suit, stowing masks as planned. The spotter need do nothing further than signal or lead the exit.
4. In the event of an aborted jump run, the oxygen masks should be redistributed and donned, a wide orbit made, and the process repeated, with all skydivers again breathing oxygen until within 30 seconds of exit.
B. High Altitude:
1. All skydivers should pre-breathe 100% oxygen under the supervision of the Oxygen Monitor for 30 minutes prior to takeoff when goal altitude is above 25,000 feet MSL.
2. When goal altitude is lower than 25,000 feet MSL, all skydivers should begin breathing from their on-board oxygen source at 8000 feet MSL, under the supervision of the oxygen monitor.
3. About five minutes before exit, the spotter signals get ready. All jumpers arm AADs and prepare to move.
4. Two minutes from exit, the spotter signals two with his fingers and gives the command to activate bailout bottles, activates his own and, when he feels its pressure, disconnects from the aircraft oxygen system. Jumpers should leave their goggles raised until bailout bottle activation is completed, to prevent goggles from fogging.
5. The spotter goes back to spotting and the oxygen monitor gives him the thumbs up signal when all other jumpers have functioning bailout bottles and are disconnected from the aircraft oxygen. The spotter then need only signal or lead the exit.
6. In the event of malfunction of the skydiver’s first bailout bottle, he has sufficient time (two minutes) to switch to the backup bottle.
7. In the event that no backup bottle is carried, the skydiver would be forced to remain connected to the aircraft oxygen system and, after the other jumpers exit, either descend to 20,000 feet MSL (or lower) and jump or land with the aircraft.
C. Extreme Altitude: Standard procedures are not established, but must be developed for the specific mission and equipment.
9-5.09 SPOTTING PROCEDURES
A. Altitude wind and surface wind direction may not coincide. Winds aloft may also be stronger than surface winds (the jet stream is found at high altitude). Due to freefall drift, it is necessary to adjust the exit point to allow for winds aloft. Exit point and opening point will not coincide.
B. The higher ground speeds attained by an aircraft indicating the same airspeed as usual at lower altitude, radically increases the distance of forward throw that will be encountered on exit.
C. To calculate the exit point call Aviation Weather for the winds aloft up to the planned exit altitude. Use an average freefall rate of 10,000 feet per minute, compute the time required to freefall through each different layer of wind direction and speed reported. Insert the time and wind speed figure into the following equation and solve for wind drift through each layer.
Drift=Wind Velocity x Time of Exposure
Note: The time component of wind speed and time of exposure must both be expressed in or converted to the same units, (i.e., feet per second and seconds, miles per hour and hours). The drift distance will then be expressed in the same unit as the distance unit of the wind speed figure.
D. Use a sheet of acetate, a grease pencil, and a map or aerial photo of the DZ and surrounding area to plot the exit point. On the acetate, mark a North-South reference line, then begin with the topmost wind layer and proceed to the lowest layer, plot the computed wind drift for each by a line in the same scale as the map or photo, join the beginning of the line representing the drift anticipated in the next lower layer to the end of the line from the higher layer. The resulting zigzag line represents the total wind drift expected during freefall, without tracking. In the opposite direction of the exit altitude wind drift (or in the direction of the jump run, if it is not to coincide with the wind direction) add 2,000 feet to compensate for forward throw from the aircraft.
E. Throw wind drift indicators at the planned opening altitude to determine the opening point. Then orient the acetate over the photo or map, placing the end of the freefall wind drift line on the opening point indicated by the wind drift indicators. The other end of the wind drift line now indicates the exit point. Jump run should be oriented directly into the wind at exit altitude to prevent lateral drift if spotting is to be primarily visual. Navigational aids may be used as the primary spotting reference, but the spot should always be confirmed visually prior to exit.
9-5.10 HAZARDS OF INADVERTENT OPENINGS AT ALTITUDE
A. At normal opening altitude, terminal velocity is about 160 feet per second (fps) and the rate of descent under open canopy is about 15 fps; thus, the change in velocity at opening is about 145 fps. By comparison, the figures for an opening at 40,000 feet MSL are 336 minus 40, or a 296 fps change in velocity. At 60,000 feet MSL the change in velocity is even more striking: 543 minus 64, or 479 fps. Because of the higher terminal velocity at the higher altitudes, it is clear that an inadvertent opening can cause serious injury as result of the greater opening shock experienced. In addition, the equipment may not be able to withstand the load without damage.
B. Even if a skydiver was not injured and the equipment not damaged, he would still face an extended period of exposure to the extreme cold at altitude.
C. Another hazard of a canopy opening at altitude is hypoxia.